PMC

Neurophysiological responsiveness of NAcSh MSNs to time, ethanol (EtOH), and acetic acid (HOAc). A: representative raw traces at 160 pA and 220 pA at baseline (black) and 5-min postbaseline recording (blue). B: current injection response at baseline (black) and 5-min postbaseline recording (blue). C: representative raw traces from ramp tests. D: voltage threshold (Vt) for action potential was unaltered between baseline and 5-min postbaseline recordings. E: representative raw traces at 160 pA and 220 pA at baseline (black) and 5-min post-HOAc bath application (blue). F: current injection response at baseline (black) and 5-min post-HOAc bath application (blue). G: representative raw traces from ramp tests. H: voltage threshold (Vt) for action potential was unaltered between baseline and 5-min post-HOAc bath application. I: representative raw traces at 160 pA and 220 pA at baseline (black) and 5-min post-EtOH bath application (blue). J: current injection response at baseline (black) and 5-min post-EtOH bath application (blue). K: representative raw traces from ramp tests. L: voltage threshold (Vt) for action potential was unaltered between baseline and 5-min post-EtOH bath application. M: representative raw traces at 160 pA and 220 pA at baseline (black) and 5-min post-EtOH and HOAc bath application (blue). N: current injection response at baseline (black) and 5-min post-EtOH and HOAc bath application (blue). O: representative raw traces from ramp tests. P: voltage threshold (Vt) for action potential was unaltered between baseline and 5-min post-EtOH and HOAc bath application. N.S., not significant P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. NAcSh, nucleus accumbens shell; MSNs, medium spiny neurons.

Effects of some cationic channel blockers on CCK-induced increases in neuronal excitability. A: bath application of 2-APB (100 μM) inhibited CCK-induced enhancement of AP firing frequency. B: bath application of flufenamic acid (FFA; 100 μM) suppressed CCK-mediated increases in AP firing frequency. C: bath application of CCK induced an inward HC. When the effect of CCK reached maximal, bath application of gadolinium ion (Gd³⁺; 100 μM) in the presence of CCK further increased the inward HCs. D: bath application of CCK induced an inward HC. When the effect of CCK reached maximal, bath application of lanthanum ion (La³⁺; 100 μM) in the presence of CCK further increased the inward HCs. E: bath application of 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; 100 μM) failed to change AP firing frequency significantly. F: bath application of ruthenium red (50 μM) did not alter CCK-mediated increases in AP firing frequency.

Variation of viscosity and visco-elastic properties of 15 wt.% alginic acid bath with time, at 23 °C, (A) viscosity and (B) viscoelastic modulus.

Ce (μg) in bath: lactic acid. Black circles = Ce in bath (ICP-MS data); Red open squares = model prediction Ce in the bath; blue open diamonds = cumulative amount of nanoceria dissolved.